Space Policy Directive-5 (SPD-5), the Nation’s first comprehensive cybersecurity policy for space systems, defines “Space System” as “a combination of systems, to include ground systems, sensor networks, and one or more space vehicles, that provides a space-based service.”
A space system typically has three segments:
a ground control network,
a space vehicle,
a user or mission network.
These systems include Government national security space systems, Government civil space systems, and private space systems.
“Space Vehicle” means the portion of a space system that operates in space. Examples include satellites, space stations, launch vehicles, launch vehicle upper stage
components, and spacecraft.
Find below the new Space Cyber Security Watch No 7 (November 7, 2021). In this paper, you will find everything that has caught our attention since the last time : news, articles, papers, Space CTI, videos, webinars, events, attacks, podcats … This work is not exhaustive, so comments and observations are welcome.
Engineering the future of space security – Cyber attacks on space systems are escalating. Defense and intelligence agencies can accelerate cybersecurity with space IT solutions combining open systems architecture, model-based systems engineering (MBSE), and the power of a proactive approach
October 5 – 7, 2021 : ESA Software Product Assurance Workshop 2021. There will be one full day of ECSS training, followed by 3 days of interesting presentations and discussions on various topics. Registration here
October 5 – 7, 2021 : CyberSatGov – To bring together the satellite community with the government and military markets to have a comprehensive, progressive discussion about cybersecurity. The CyberSatGov Agenda is Here!
October 19-20, 2021 : 2nd annual Value of Space Summit – The Space Information Sharing and Analysis Center (Space ISAC) and The Aerospace Corporation are pleased to host the 2021 Value of Space Summit, a 2-day virtual community event to convene a variety of perspectives from across the space enterprise.
October 19 – 21, 2021 : 11th IAASS conference : Managing Risk in Space – The 11th IAASS Conference “Managing Risk in Space”, organized in cooperation with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is an invitation to reflect and exchange information on a number of space safety and sustainability topics of national and international interest.
November 15-17, 2021 : Welcome to AIAA ASCEND to experience the aerospace cybersecurity programming, including a table top exercise, hands-on demonstrations of satellite cybersecurity, and panel discussions (cybersecurity in space)
Le Commandement De l’Espace (CDE) a été créé par arrêté le 3 septembre 2019. Il a succédé au Commandement Interarmées de l’Espace (CIE). Il rassemble désormais, au sein d’un unique grand commandement de l’Armée de l’Air et de l’Espace (AAE), la majorité des acteurs experts du domaine spatial militaire.
Afin d’atteindre l’ambition politique fixée par la stratégie de défense spatiale, le CDE poursuit une montée en puissance sans précédent en s’appuyant notamment sur le Centre National des Etudes Spatiales (CNES).
Pour satisfaire la stratégie de défense spatiale, le CDE doit, à l’horizon 2025, être en mesure de conduire les premières actions défensives dans l’Espace. La connaissance permanente de la situation spatiale et l’acquisition d’un démonstrateur satellite manœuvrant sont les principaux jalons capacitaires de cette feuille de route.
Aujourd’hui, le CDE est réparti sur quatre sites :
A Balard, la direction, le niveau de conception et de mise en œuvre sont structurés par 4 piliers : opérations, capacités, coopérations et organique ;
A Toulouse, l’échelon précurseur du centre de commandement et de contrôle des opérations spatiales ;
Le COSMOS (Centre opérationnel de surveillance militaire des objets spatiaux) et le CMOS (Centre militaire d’observation par satellites), respectivement localisés à Lyon et à Creil.
A terme, la transformation du CDE vise à concentrer toute l’expertise militaire du domaine spatial dans un bâtiment dédié, implanté au plus près du CNES. Il abritera des fonctions multiples comme la formation, l’innovation, ou encore le cœur de la conduite des opérations spatiales. Il accueillera près de 500 experts en 2025.
Dans cette nouvelle organisation, le CMOS devient l’Escadron de Conduite des Actions Spatiales (ECAS), situé à Toulouse au CNES, qui aura pour objectif le maintien à poste des moyens spatiaux opérationnels. Le COSMOS devient l’Escadron de Surveillance de l’Espace (ESE), qui aura pour objectif la surveillance des objets spatiaux et de l’espace en général.
Toute cette architecture est représentée dans la cartographie ci-dessous (cartographie non officielle réalisée à titre personnel)
De façon plus détaillée, voici une description des principales entités de l’infographie.
Office Nationale d’Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales (ONERA)
L’Office Nationale d’Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales (ONERA) est le principal centre de recherche français du secteur aéronautique, spatial et défense. Il a pour mission de développer et d’orienter les recherches dans le domaine aérospatial, de concevoir, de réaliser, de mettre en œuvre les moyens nécessaires à l’exécution de ces recherches, et d’assurer la diffusion des résultats de ces recherches.
Centre Nationale d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES)
Le Centre Nationale d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) est un établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial (EPIC) chargé d’élaborer et de proposer au gouvernement français le programme spatial français et de le mettre en œuvre. Le CNES est placé sous la tutelle conjointe des ministères de l’enseignement supérieur, de la recherche et de l’innovation et des Armées.
Commandement de la Cyberdéfense (COMCYBER)
Le Commandement de la Cyberdéfense (COMCYBER), placé sous l’autorité du chef d’Etat-Major des armées rassemble à compter du 1er janvier 2017, l’ensemble des forces de cyberdéfense des armées française
Direction du Renseignement Militaire (DRM)
La Direction du Renseignement Militaire (DRM) est un organisme interarmées responsable du renseignement militaire pour l’ensemble des forcées armées française. Elle fixe les priorités en matière de renseignement d’intérêt militaire et reçoit, avec le CNES, les données récoltées par le CMOS
Commandement de l’Espace (CDE)
Le Commandement de l’Espace (CDE) rassemble désormais, au sein d’un unique et grand commandement de l’armée de l’Air, la majorité des acteurs experts du domaine spatial militaire.
Centre Militaire d‘Observation par Satellites (CMOS)
Situé sur la base aérienne 110 de Creil, le Centre Militaire d’Observation par Satellites (CMOS) 1/92 « Bourgogne » est une unité de l’armée de l’air française spécialisée dans le domaine de l’observation par satellites.
Centre opérationnel de surveillance militaire des objets spatiaux (COSMOS)
Situé sur la base aérienne 942 de Lyon Mont Verdun, le Centre Opérationnel de Surveillance Militaire des Objects Spatiaux (COSMOS) est une unité de l’armée de l’air française spécialisée dans le domaine de la surveillance de l’espace.
Centre de Commandement et de Contrôle des Opérations Spatiales de Paris (C3OS)
Situé à l’Etat-Major des Armées à Paris, le Centre de Commandement et de Contrôle des Opérations Spatiales (C3OS) est le vecteur de direction des opérations spatiales.
Escadron de Conduite des Actions Spatiales (ECAS)
Situé à Toulouse au CNES, l’Escadron de Conduite des Actions Spatiales (ECAS) a pour objectif le maintien à poste des moyens spatiaux opérationnels.
Escadron de Surveillance de l’Espace (ESE)
Situé à Toulouse au CNES, l’Escadron de Surveillance de l’Espace (ESE), ex-COSMOS, a pour objectif la surveillance des objets spatiaux et de l’espace en général.
L’illustration ci-dessous est une carte heuristique qui présente les services spécialisés de la communauté du renseignement du 1er cercle. Cette cartographie est mise à jour des derniers changements en matière de chefs de service notamment. L’axe des temps relatif à la DPR intègre le lien vers le rapport public 2020-2021 relatif à l’activité des services de renseignement. Ce dernier rapport effectue notamment un focus particulier sur le renseignement territorial.
Après, l’alliance des entreprises françaises du newspace sous le nom de “Alliance NewSpace France“, au tour de l’écosystème français des smallsats et des nanosatellites de se réunir.
C’est ce qu’a réussi à faire Hemeria, l’industriel toulousain spécialisé dans la conception, la production et la maintenance de systèmes spatiaux et de défense, en réunissant ce lundi 11 octobre 2021 à la Cité de l’espace de Toulouse, une trentaine d’acteurs français des nanosatellites (smallsats), lors de la “Small Sat Day”.
La liste des acteurs présents (clients, partenaires, institutions étatiques, financiers, startups) : ACB, Aerospace Valley, Airbus Defence and Space, Alliance NewSpace France, ANYWAVES, ArianeGroup, ARIANESPACE, Arianeworks, Astreos, Bpifrance CLS Group (Collecte Localisation Satellites), CLUB GALAXIE, CNES, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), COMAT, CDE (Commandement De l’Espace), CS GROUP, DGA (Direction Générale de l’Armement), Euroconsult, EREMS, Exotrail, Hybridpropulsion, Infinite Orbits, IRT AESE – Saint Exupéry, Kinéis, La French Fab, Leanspace SAS, LISI AEROSPACE, Loft Orbital, MECANO ID, Secrétariat Général pour l’Investissement, Newspace Factory, Nex Afrika, Nimesis Technology, ONERA – The French Aerospace Lab, Parangon European Partners, PROMÉTHÉE NewSpace, La Région Occitanie / Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Share Myspace, Sodern, SOTEREM, SPACEBEL, STEEL ELECTRONIQUE, SYRLINKS, Telnet, Thales Alenia Space, ThrustMe, TRAD, Tests & Radiations, USpace, Venture Orbital System
Hemeria conçoit et fabrique des équipements et systèmes à forte intensité technologique et sécurité de fonctionnement pour deux marchés exigeants : l’industrie spatiale et la dissuasion française.
L’occasion pour Hemeria d’annoncer qu’elle vient d’être sélectionnée par l’Etat et le CNES dans le cadre du Programme d’Investissements d’Avenir (PIA) pour le développement d’une Plateforme nanosatellite.
Plus concrètement, il s’agit de réaliser une plateforme générique, modulaire, multimissions, pour des missions civiles, militaires ou scientifiques d’ici à 2024 dans un objectif de créer une filière française des nanosatellites sur un marché en forte croissance, largement dominé par les Américains.
Les nanosatellites et les smallsats correspondent au marché des satellites de moins de 500 kg qui a explosé en l’espace de quelques années. Près de 14.000 petits satellites devraient être envoyés en orbite dans les dix prochaines années.
Face à un marché concentré autour de quelques acteurs américains, la concurrence est rude pour les projets européens. Il était temps de réagir.
Dernières minutes
HEMERIA vient de rejoindre le GIE Défense NBC en tant qu’acteur majeur et reconnu de l’excellence de l’Industrie Française de la Défense et de la Protection NRBCE (Nucléaire, Radiologique, Biologique, Chimique et Explosifs).
Le GIE Défense NBC a pour mission de promouvoir à l’international les savoir-faire, les technologies, les produits et les services des entreprises françaises du domaine NRBCE.
Connect by CNES est une structure du CNES (Centre National d’Études Spatiales), l’agence spatiale française. Elle a mis en place un parcours de formation pour devenir Ambassadeurs du Spatial. Ayant moi-même suivant cette formation et étant désormais officiellement Ambassadeur du Spatial, je vous livre ci-dessous mon retour d’expérience.
✅ Je vous conseille vivement cette formation. Elle est gratuite et ouverte au grand public. Elle livre les concepts essentiels des outils et des solutions spatiales, et dresse un panorama des applications attendues à court/moyen terme.
✅ Elle est composée de multiples modules et de sessions d’échanges sur différents sujets (géolocalisation, télécommunication, imagerie par satellite, space business, …), avec des experts du CNES.
✅ C’est une formation très complète, enrichissante, sur des sujets très techniques. Elle offre une vue d’ensemble des usages du spatial, de ses avantages, et des solutions existantes dans les domaines de la santé, l’environnement, la mobilité… On y découvre l’ampleur du sujet ainsi que tous les domaines que peut couvrir le spatial et que l’on n’imagine pas forcément.
✅ Au final, je recommande cette formation à toute personne intéressée par le secteur du spatial et tout ce qu’il peut apporter.
Si à votre tour, vous souhaitez devenir Ambassadeur du spatial, et aider le CNES à relayer leurs messages auprès du grand public, alors inscrivez-vous à la formation. Et si vous êtes suffisemment assidu, vous aurez le droit à un beau diplôme comme celui-ci :
Les vidéos ci-dessous sont issues directement du parcours de formation. Elles sont mises régulièrement à jour. En vous inscrivant, vous aurez accès aux dernières versions accompagnées de supports de qualité.
Formation Ambassadeurs // Présentation de Connect by CNES
Formation Ambassadeurs // Imagerie Spatiale, principe de fonctionnement
Find below the new Space Cyber Security Watch No 6 (october 3, 2021). In this paper, you will find everything that has caught our attention since the last time : news, articles, papers, Space CTI, videos, webinars, events, attacks, podcats … This work is not exhaustive, so comments and observations are welcome.
wolfSSL Cybersecurity Software Solutions – wolfSSL is an embedded, lightweight cybersecurity software package for satellite applications. wolfSSL has a long history of providing cryptographic security for defense systems and, more recently, secure boot and secure communications for satellite systems. FIPS 140-2 available.
Opportunity: ESA Secure Satcom for Safety and Security (4S) – For technologies, products, systems and end-to-end infrastructures development. Secure Next Generation SatCom will help to increase the resilience of telecommunication infrastructure.
How Microsoft is taking cloud-powered innovation beyond Earth with Azure Space – The space community is growing rapidly and Microsoft’s Space team is developing capabilities and services to meet its needs for extended connectivity across the world, simulated digital space environments, and ways for dealing with the huge amount of data generated from satellites.
More work needed on space stability and security – The U.S. Space Force and Space Development Agency are fielding resilient and assured space capabilities and working to counter hostile space activity
Cyberspace and outer space are new frontiers for national security – What do cyberspace and outer space have in common? As we make clear in a new report to the Department of Defence, both are new frontiers for national security that blur traditional ideas about borders, sovereignty and defence strategy
Space EA Systems delivers satellite-enabled quantum-proof cybersecurity and innovation – Space EA’s new post-quantum encryption network defeats quantum’s destructive effect against security, while enabling satellite architectures and communication networks the ability to harness quantum’s power for DoD and commercial clients in the space sector
How AWS is opening up space with the cloud – With AWS Ground Station, don’t go spending millions of dollars building ground station infrastructure, pay by the minute for only what you use, and invest your money back in the business or the mission end of your space capability
DoD To Update Satellite Cyber Rules For Megaconstellations – Space Force’s is to allow for “increased trust in industry” to assess their own systems’ cybersecurity needs, “while doing due diligence” in reviewing whether those assessments are reliable
Space jam: why the military is prioritising cybersecurity for space – As military and civilian capabilities increasing rely on space-based assets, space and cybersecurity experts speak about the potential effects of a cyberattack against them and how to offer protection
CybExer and Spaceit To Offer Satellite Operations Cyber Exercises – A cooperation between Spaceit and CybExer, a NATO-awarded cybersecurity company developing and maintaining cyber security training platforms, to offer satellite operations related cyber exercises
Report published by the NASA Office of Inspector General in May 2021 [PDF] – investigating how ready the organisation is from a cybersecurity perspective. This audit found that during the last four years, NASA had experienced more than 6,000 cyber incidents, and 1,785 in 2020 alone. With some 3,000 websites and 42,000 publicly accessible datasets, perhaps that’s not surprising
October 6–8, 2021 : New online course : Understanding Cybersecurity in the Space Domain – The Space Domain Cybersecurity (SpaDoCs) Framework provides a comprehensive and systematic model for understanding and tackling cybersecurity in the space domain. This online course examines the practical issues of developing and sustaining a secure cyber environment through all phases of the space mission lifecycle. At the conclusion of the course, you will be able to formulate inputs and issues to a cybersecurity assessment plan for a given space domain scenario.
Past Events
July 20, 2021 : Space ISAC TableTop Exercise: Pandora’s Gambit
August 17, 2021 : Members Session: Uncovering the Hidden Value of Your Threat Data with Neal Dennis from Cyware, Space ISAC Fellow Brent Meyer, and additional presenters
September 7-9, 2021 : Joint Air & Space Power Conference 2021 – Delivering NATO Air & Space Power at the Speed of Relevance. The security challenges to NATO did not just get put ‘on hold’ as our individual countries turned inward to battle the existential threat to survival at home. Indeed, the global pandemic also presented an opportunity to NATO’s near-peer adversaries to manoeuvre and attempt to gain an advantage.
October 1st, 2021 : 1ère édition du Colloque international Galilei – le spatial & le cyberspatial de défense, Etat des lieux & Prospectives Spatiaux et Cyberspatiaux, qui se tiendra à Lyon
October 5 – 7, 2021 : ESA Software Product Assurance Workshop 2021. There will be one full day of ECSS training, followed by 3 days of interesting presentations and discussions on various topics. Registration here
October 5 – 7, 2021 : CyberSatGov – To bring together the satellite community with the government and military markets to have a comprehensive, progressive discussion about cybersecurity. The CyberSatGov Agenda is Here!
Security in LEO: Can the US Government Trust it?
Solarwinds, Colonial Pipeline: Impact on Satellite Cybersecurity
Supply Chain Risk Management: Keeping It Secure
Blackjack 2022: Prime Time is Fast Approaching
Cloud and Data Processing: Space Systems Applications and Threats and Vulnerabilities Management
Value Of Space: How Space Systems’ Critical Infrastructure Will Apply to Future National Critical Functions
October 19-20, 2021 : 2nd annual Value of Space Summit – The Space Information Sharing and Analysis Center (Space ISAC) and The Aerospace Corporation are pleased to host the 2021 Value of Space Summit, a 2-day virtual community event to convene a variety of perspectives from across the space enterprise.
October 19 – 21, 2021 : 11th IAASS conference : Managing Risk in Space – The 11th IAASS Conference “Managing Risk in Space”, organized in cooperation with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is an invitation to reflect and exchange information on a number of space safety and sustainability topics of national and international interest.
D5 is 54th IAA Symposium on Safety, Quality and Knowledge Management in Space Activities (D5.4 will be more technical : Cybersecurity in space systems, risks and countermeasures)
E9 is IAF Symposium on Space Security (E9.2 is more strategic and legal focused : Cyber-based security threats to space missions – establishing the legal, institutional and collaborative framework to counteract them)
Papers have been selected and the program will be published shortly
November 8, 2021 : COMET CYBersécurité du CNES – Journée « Menaces “cybersécurité” et secteur spatial » à Toulouse et en distanciel.
DEF CON Aerospace Village is a researcher led, non-profit whose mission is to build a diverse community focussed on the security of everything from airports, air traffic management, aircraft and space.
The Challenge: The aerospace ecosystem is a cornerstone of the global infrastructure and economy. While passenger safety is at an all-time high, the increasing adoption of connected technologies exposes aircraft, airports, satellites, and the interdependent aerospace ecosystem to new types of risks. The consequences of a cybersecurity failure in a ground, air, or space-based system can impact human life and public safety; a crisis of confidence in the trustworthiness of air travel and space operations can undermine economic and (inter)national security.
The Aerospace Village is a unique community that bridges the gap across security researchers, the aerospace industry, public sector, academia and all.
At Virtual DEF CON 29 this year the Aerospace Village is full of talks, virtual workshops and CTFs that will have something for you to get involved in irrespective of your experience level, or what bit of the aerospace world you are interested in.
In this article, we will focus on the space cybersecurity videos recorded at the DEF CON 29 Aerospace Village held on 6-7 August in Las Vegas. All sessions were online and hybrid.
Deep Space Networking 2021 Workshops
This training session includes three Wireshark analysis sessions of Green Data transmission (with data loss), simple Red Data transmission, and Red Data transmission/retransmission after data loss.
To know more about these workshops and to download file, check here.
Part I: Ground Control to Major Licklider: Analyzing LTP
Part II: Build an LTP-Analysis Wireshark Profile
Part III: An Outage in Space — Take the LTP Wireshark Challenge
AIAA Cubesat Hacking Workshop
AIAA CubeSat Hacking Workshop is learning laboratory intended to demonstrate satellite operations cybersecurity defense and hacking principals and techniques to participants of all levels of cybersecurity proficiency, through hand-on instruction conducted by space systems experts. Participants will learn and practice hacking techniques on a simulated, remotely accessible CUBESAT system.
To know more about these workshops and to download file, check here.
Find below the new Space Cyber Security Watch No 5 (August 31, 2021). In this paper, you will find everything that has caught our attention since the last time : news, articles, papers, Space CTI, videos, webinars, events, attacks, podcats … This work is not exhaustive, so comments and observations are welcome.
North Korea-linked hackers accessed South’s rocket developer – Hackers linked to North Korea broke into the network of a South Korean aerospace company that holds confidential rocket propulsion technologies developed for the nation’s first indigenous space launch vehicle KSLV-2
CNSSI 1253 and NIST released the Space Platform Overlay – The CNSSI 1253 (Committee on National Security Systems Instruction No. 1253) has released (Attachment 2) the Space Platform Overlay as a companion of the NIST SP 800-53 controsl guide. Space Overlay is a set of specific guidances and requirements for space. Space Overlay can be used as Security Baseline on some space systems studies.
Satellite Cyberattacks and Security: Technical Study – Satellites are crucial for everyday life and their importance is only set to grow in the future. These factors make them attractive targets to different groups including industry competitors, criminals, hacking activists, nation states, or military forces.
For hackers, space is the final frontier – As the commercial space industry heats up, security experts worry about cyberattacks. Gregory Falco is interviewed alongside Erin M. Miller for this excellent piece on space cybersecurity.
Space Resilience for Automakers Webinar presented by CAR (Center for Automotive Research) and with the contribution of Space ISAC, MITRE, Lockheed Martin and Constellation Network (14 june 2021)
September 7-9, 2021 : Joint Air & Space Power Conference 2021 – Delivering NATO Air & Space Power at the Speed of Relevance. The security challenges to NATO did not just get put ‘on hold’ as our individual countries turned inward to battle the existential threat to survival at home. Indeed, the global pandemic also presented an opportunity to NATO’s near-peer adversaries to manoeuvre and attempt to gain an advantage.
October 5 – 7, 2021 : ESA Software Product Assurance Workshop 2021. There will be one full day of ECSS training, followed by 3 days of interesting presentations and discussions on various topics. Registration here
October 5 – 7, 2021 : CyberSatGov – To bring together the satellite community with the government and military markets to have a comprehensive, progressive discussion about cybersecurity. The CyberSatGov Agenda is Here!
Security in LEO: Can the US Government Trust it?
Solarwinds, Colonial Pipeline: Impact on Satellite Cybersecurity
Supply Chain Risk Management: Keeping It Secure
Blackjack 2022: Prime Time is Fast Approaching
Cloud and Data Processing: Space Systems Applications and Threats and Vulnerabilities Management
Value Of Space: How Space Systems’ Critical Infrastructure Will Apply to Future National Critical Functions
October 19 – 21, 2021 : 11th IAASS conference : Managing Risk in Space – The 11th IAASS Conference “Managing Risk in Space”, organized in cooperation with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is an invitation to reflect and exchange information on a number of space safety and sustainability topics of national and international interest.
D5 is 54th IAA Symposium on Safety, Quality and Knowledge Management in Space Activities (D5.4 will be more technical : Cybersecurity in space systems, risks and countermeasures)
E9 is IAF Symposium on Space Security (E9.2 is more strategic and legal focused : Cyber-based security threats to space missions – establishing the legal, institutional and collaborative framework to counteract them)
Papers have been selected and the program will be published shortly
This work is not exhaustive, so comments and observations are welcome.
Space operations are vital to advancing the security, economic prosperity, and scientific knowledge of the Nation. However, cyber-related threats to space assets and supporting infrastructure pose increasing risks to the economic promise of emerging markets in space.
NIST is seeking comments on Draft NISTIR 8270, Introduction to Cybersecurity for Commercial Satellite Operations, which describes cybersecurity concepts with regard to crewless, commercial space operations. The document is an information reference for managing cybersecurity risks and considering how cybersecurity requirements might coexist within space vehicle system requirements. NIST is specifically interested in feedback on the document’s overall approach, the example use case, and the identified controls for the use case. (Note that the use case is only notional for illustrative purposes and is not intended to be a set of specific cybersecurity recommendations.)
A public comment period is open through August 13, 2021. Based on feedback for this publication, NIST will also consider the utility of publishing similar reports discussing other areas of space operations as needed. See the publication details for a copy of the draft and instructions for submitting comments.
Some figures in the draft
Update (22 july 2021)
Comment Period Extended for Draft NISTIR 8270, Introduction to Cybersecurity for Commercial Satellite Operations
NIST has extended the due date to October 13, 2021, for providing comments on Draft NISTIR 8270, “Introduction to Cybersecurity for Commercial Satellite Operations.” A copy of the draft and instructions for submitting comments are available here.
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